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 Albert
Einstein lived as a boy
in Munich and Milan, continued his studies at the cantonal
school at Aarau, Switzerland, and was graduated (1900) from the
Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. Later he became a Swiss
citizen. He was examiner (1902–9) at the patent office, Bern.
During this period he obtained his doctorate (1905) at the Univ.
of Zürich, evolved the special theory of relativity, explained
the photoelectric effect, and studied the motion of atoms, on
which he based his explanation of Brownian movement. In 1909 his
work had already attracted attention among scientists, and he
was offered an adjunct professorship at the Univ. of Zürich. He
resigned that position in 1910 to become full professor at the
German Univ., Prague, and in 1912 he accepted the chair of
theoretical physics at the Federal Institute of Technology,
Zürich.
By 1913 Einstein had won international fame and was invited by
the Prussian Academy of Sciences to come to Berlin as titular
professor of physics and as director of theoretical physics at
the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He assumed these posts in 1914 and
subsequently resumed his German citizenship. For his work in
theoretical physics, notably on the photoelectric effect, he
received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. His property was
confiscated (1934) by the Nazi government because he was Jewish,
and he was deprived of his German citizenship. He had previously
accepted (1933) a post at the Institute for Advanced Study,
Princeton, which he held until his death in 1955. An ardent
pacifist, Einstein was long active in the cause of world peace;
however, in 1939, at the request of a group of scientists, he
wrote to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to stress the
urgency of investigating the possible use of atomic energy in
bombs. In 1940 he became an American citizen.
Free books in our collection by Albert Einstein
Relativity the Special and
General Theory (1916)
Sidelights on Relativity (1920)
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